José de San Martín, Liberator of Peru SAN MARTIN HEALTH AND THE OPIUM PROBLEM
writes: Mario MENEGHINI (*)
In the life of General San Martín, we see a strange paradox: superlative intellectual conditions for the military leadership, accompanied by a delicate physical, recurrently ill. Warns Dr. Oriol I. Anguera a contradiction between the somatic structure of the General and his reaction function, leading to a "conflict between their wants and their diseases" [2], the wants are for a man of action, and sometimes illness forced him to inaction.
I have thought proper, then, to analyze the theme of this exhibition, in order to unravel a black legend about the treatment that we adopted hero. Mitre says abused opium, Vicuña Mackenna says Dr. Zapata almost daily poisoned with opium, which agrees with Guido, the doctor said that led them to an excessive use of opium. Recently this issue has been disseminated in a manner that raises suspicion of bad faith sufficient to cite two examples:
a) In a Peruvian Internet site dedicated to education, work on the Independence of Peru , states: "... the tactical errors of San Martín and his addiction to opium from disease broke the possibilities of strengthening the independence of Peru" [3].
b) In a report to Dr. Ignacio García Hamilton, published by Page12 , the journalist asks, "San Martín prescription opium consumed or was addicted?". The writer says: "Both. He was recommended by a doctor for his stomach pains, probably caused by an ulcer. But after he suffered an addiction. (...) I believe that diseases are evidence that he suffered no we're talking about a man who was satisfied with his life "[4].
Grounded in the literature, will try to review, successively to: General conditions, the impact thereof on their behavior, characteristics of physical pain, the use of opium, and a hypothesis about how he could cope with their ailments.
II. Physical ailments
1. Explains Dr. Guerrino St. Martin in the organic level, "was prone to reactivity of mesenchymal tissue and soon showed a marked neuro-arthritic diathesis, typical abiotróficos Gowers, ie individuals that wear out prematurely" [5]. Similar to his father, before fifty years had the infirmities of an older man, though in appearance not appeared.
2. Doctors are considered to diagnose a patient, family history of it, and the type of activity that develops and places you have lived. San Martin, lived and participated in military actions in Europe, Africa and the Americas, and climates suffer food, who wore his body, and influenced his future health.
No records, however, disease in childhood. We know that he became a cadet Regiment of Murcia, at age 11, being assumed that the admission means that the applicant is in good health.
3. We can open your medical history in 1801 when she was 23 years pursuant to a mission of the English army, carrying flows between Valladolid and Salamanca, the victim of an assault, and suffered wounds to the chest and hand, and since then had trouble in the chest. From Bailen and Tudela, was regularly vomiting blood and difficulty breathing.
4. During the Battle of Albuera in 1811, was wounded in the left arm with his sword. And in the battle of San Lorenzo, was wounded in the face, leaving a scar, also suffered a crushed leg and had a dislocated shoulder after falling from his horse. It is assumed that it was the left shoulder, since he could write the part of combat.
5. With reference to the tuberculosis that some claimed it, this diagnosis deserves doubt, taking into account the symptoms of the disease (cough, hyperthermia, weight loss), which did not appear in San Martin. Dr. Galatoire states that the general was affected by the Koch bacillus, and that was that, too, the cause of death. The diagnosis seems deductible alertness he held until the end of his life, and their variants mood and psychological profile sui generis. However, this conclusion has been questioned, because in a time when there was a lack of effective antibiotics and chemotherapy, a man with this condition could not cross the Andes and then also to reach an advanced age for the nineteenth century .
For greater accuracy, would have to know what was vomiting blood of San Martín, hemoptysis or hematemesis. Hemoptysis come from lung, hematemesis disgestivo tract; in addition, hemoptysis can also be caused by bronchiectasis and hematomas, which have no relation to consumption. Remember that San Martín, when attacked in 1801, suffered cuts and bruises on his chest, which could have generated a hematoma or scar lesions of the lung parenchyma (Guerrino: 55-57).
6. So it can be argued that the crisis affecting breathless San Martín were of asthma. The general referred often to her tremendous chest illness, without further clarification. Dr. Sacone, rule out TB whereas the physical structure of San Martín was the most compatible with the disease, for his part, Dr. Anibal Ruiz Moreno added that there are no records of who has had fever, cough or sputum.
Professional Institute of the History of Medicine, Faculty of Buenos Aires, investigated this issue, concluding that San Martín "suffered from acute asthma, evil that had felt symptoms in Spain [6]. The type of asthma would exoalergénica having started at age 30, and it is known that intrinsic asthma-like tuberculosis, is compounded by the proximity of the sea, which has not experienced the general.
7. The hematemesis, however, are usually caused by ulcers, cited as causes of these: the anxiety, prolonged fatigue, intense intellectual activity and common mental stimuli. Stressful situations can cause physiological reactions, affecting the lining of the digestive tract, causing dyspepsia, pains and bleeding. No doubt that San Martin was suffering from ulcers, this is evidenced by their gastralgias and vomiting, with periods of calm. Also, eat lots of meat, smoked cigars and drank black coffee drink that's drank often, as a mate, and is the most damaging for ulcer patients, because of irritating the gastric mucosa.
8. From thirty-nine years, San Martin suffered musculoskeletal pain, it mortified, but without a trace. It was believed that it was rheumatism, but Dr. Ruiz Moreno claims that San Martín was chronically affected by gout. That conclusion considering the age at which started this problem, the attacks had a duration variable, and never had cardiovascular disease, rheumatism usual sequel. Recall that Guido wrote that his friend sometimes suffered acute attacks of gout, it hindered the articulation of the right wrist, preventing him from writing.
Moreover, this disease can arise from worries and nervous tension, so it is no surprise that affect our hero. For the description we can deduce that Mitre had a gout attack on the Battle of Chacabuco, which could hardly mount his horse, the pain caused by gout is very intense, and fought the battle these conditions.
9. While in Lima the Liberation Army, yellow fever broke out in March of 1821, decimating the troops. San Martin was very severe during seven days, but presumably not affected by this plague, but a violent hematemesis.
10. Leaving Peru and Chile again in 1822, contracted chavalongo, the name by which designated the typhoid disorders. Apparently, San Martín was affected by typhus, transmitted by rat fleas. The following year, and in Mendoza, suffered a recurrence of bronchial asthma, which caused her fatigue and weakened, to which was added the sad news of the death of his wife.
11. The joint disorders San Martín increased in Europe, the Belgian weather, cold and rainy it hurt. But when traveling crashed in 1826, dislocated his right arm and causing erysipelas molesta.Tres years later, suffered another accident, en route to London when a glass struck him in the left axillary area. To this was added the Merceditas contracted measles, and as he tells the general to put Miller on the edge of the grave.
12. In 1832, both San Martin and her daughter contracted cholera, when they were at Montmorency, near Paris, the general was infected while recovering from a recurrence of stomach problems. Consider that the disease, with touches of a pandemic occurred in Europe a million deaths, between 1831 and 1837, only in Paris, a hundred thousand people died.
13. Ten years later, begins to be affected vision, suffering from iritis, which kept him a month without being able to see the light, the condition was the onset of blindness caused by cataracts, which deprived him of one of his greatest pleasures was reading. In a letter to Rose, in late 1848, he said that this would be the last letter written by his hand.
14. Another problem that caused seizures, leading some who treated him at the time, to argue that the general was suffering from epileptic seizures, a diagnosis that can not be confirmed by the lack of verifiable data. In any case, would have been a late, which is past forty years, and corresponds to several causes, one of atherosclerosis, perhaps referring to this condition is San Martin when he alluded to the nerve he suffered cramps.
III. Doctors who treated
15. Among physicians who treated him in America, can include the American Colisbery Guillermo, whom San Martín proposed for inspector of the Military Hospital of Mendoza, and English Paroissien Diego, who led the gunpowder factory in Cordoba, and then appointed Major of the Army Surgeon of the Andes. But who was very close to general, going on to win their friendship, was Juan Isidro Zapata, who is discussing whether it was Chilean or Peruvian, but no medical professional was empirical, with knowledge gained through practical experience.
In France, San Martín was attended by Soligny, a military doctor, and the last stage of his life, was at his side a doctor Jardon or Jordan, who attended at the time of death.
IV. therapeutic
16. San Martín, resorted to leeches and hot baths, apparently, did not use laxatives and bloodletting. It can be deduced from the records of military doctors, the medications used in the army were the tartar emetic, squill root and opium. Colisberry and Zapata, to relieve general aches, he prepared a potion, which he identified as his little squirt, based on laudanum of Syndenham and medicinal herbs.
V. Death
17. On the causes of death, have held several hypotheses: a ruptured aneurysm, myocardial infarction, heart failure resulting from a fibrous tuberculosis and ulcer complications.
- Mitre aneurysm mention it, but the breaking constitutes a syndrome perforations caused severe pain equivalent to a knife, which in this case did not exist.
- Dr. Ramon Brendan San Martin believes that he suffered a heart attack due to the incident on 6 August, from the English Channel when his hand to his chest. What might have suffered a angina or dyspnea, but the discomfort was transient, and has not another in the following days.
- Dr. Galatoire contends that she had heart failure, consecutive to tuberculosis, based on accounts of Gérard, neighbor and friend of the general, but San Martín had no tuberculosis or fibrosis.
- Verdú, meanwhile, said San Martín Ayers suffered the disease, which causes escleroenfisema escleroextasia pulmonary and bronchial, manifesting itself in the dark coloration of the integument. This possibility is ruled out, since the cutaneous hyperpigmentation of Ayerza is late in adulthood, being that the general has always had the same skin color, in Spain it was known, since childhood, as the Indian.
- Dr. Dreyer concluded that the cause of death was cataclysmic hemorrhage common in colitis pathology. Experienced the bitter cold, according to witnesses, hypotension due to hypovolemia, keeping aware of the situation, until the blood loss was very critical, producing unconsciousness and seizure, and anemia caused by cerebral anoxia.
VI. About pain
18. San Martín conditions caused him pain newspapers, of which he complains on many occasions, and so should stop and examine this issue. The International Association for the Study of Pain (IASP) defines this phenomenon: "Pain is a sensory and emotional experience unpleasant connected with potential or actual damage of the tissue, or described in terms of such damage. The pain is always subjective [7].
The pain is always subjective means that somatopsychic experience, a concept that already Aristotle pointed out that it is a passion of the soul. There are a variety of different factors that may cause or aggravate the pain, to be considered in the evaluation and treatment. It is known, for example, the case of phantom limb pain, which has been amputee-producing severe pain in the patient.
19. The pain is caused by stimulation of free nerve endings (nociceptors) and pass these incentives along the peripheral nerve to the dorsal horn of the spinal cord, from which comes the thalamus. Pain impulses transmitted to the thalamus are sent to different areas of the cerebral cortex: a) in the parietal lobe, allowing the location and interpretation of pain, b) the limbic system is involved in emotional responses to pain and self-c) temporal lobe in memory of the pain, and d) the frontal lobe evaluates the importance of pain and emotional response to it.
20. Chronic pain is a result of a chronic disease process, patients with chronic pain manifest personality changes due to progressive changes in lifestyle and functional capacity. On this, Mitre argues that San Martin Chacabuco was not the saber fencer's Arjonilla or Baylen and San Lorenzo won the battle on his pillow, setting the date and precise location. For his part, Ludwig, biographer of Bolivar believes that physical ailments San Martín led him to prefer the tactic to combat, adapting their character to the disadvantages of poor health.
VII. Influence of the conditions in their behavior
21. It is necessary to stop at this point given the influence the health of those who drive, society of his time is said, even that "diseases which are suffering all the power" [8].
The stories of contemporary and historical records show that San Martín always acted with restraint and that his behavior was not affected by pulses of euphoria or depression. He was always laconic, serene and balanced noticeable features of the athletic type, which tend to reflective thinking. Underscored our hero as a model of order and discipline, by modeling a way of persevering work.
22. No doubt, however, that your health is mortified, and in his letters expresses the subject as a bitter litany. In addition, no inconvenience was minor or temporary, but severe and recurrent.
El 07/07/1817, from Chile, sent in his resignation, claiming his health condition was exposed to an imminent death, and in a letter to Godoy Cruz, reflects that philosophy is not to be walking the tomb and the grief of knowing and not being able to remedy. A year later, Zapata Guido warns that danger the life of St. Martin if he is not distracted from their work. He explains that his brain, affected by continuing concerns, irritates the lungs, stomach and spinal key, causing vomiting of blood, derived from the nervous system.
In 1819, marked by political conflict, was Colisberry who felt that his life not be extended more than six months. Any doctor would have agreed on the diagnosis to assess the health of San Martín, which, however, beat trance. Although, in 1822, the American agent, based in Santiago, reports to the Secretary of State for his country, when he arrived in Peru suffered a relapse and was at death's door.
23. In Europe, in 1836, has in a letter he had sent her daughter did not believe it survive, but as only God is the one that has the things in life, he has allowed me away from extinction, the terms have recovered many years ago so I'm not entirely good. Setbacks attitude is reiterated in a letter to Guido, who has said that it must comply and take that old house must have leaks.
24. Despite the chronicity of their illnesses, they have not transformed him into a bitter man, when he died, Gerard, his neighbor of Boulogne, wrote to a newspaper saying it was a nice old man of stature, that neither age nor fatigue, or physical pain he could bend. Balcarce also said her father-in held until the final great clarity and energy, which caused admiration among those who frequented his treatment.
San Martín adapted to his sufferings, overcoming their physical ailments with an exceptional will, which allowed him control of his person, despite all the setbacks, and still achieve longevity, doubling the average life his time. Mitre wrote that: "The heroes need to have robust health, to overcome the fatigue and give their soldiers the example of the strength in the midst of danger, but there are heroes least four members, subject to continuous illness, or a weak physical, have overcome their miseries by the energy of his spirit. In this race of heroic invalid belonged San Martín "[9].
VIII. Opio
25. To try to pin it referred to the consumption of opium, from San Martín is necessary to analyze the details of this drug (Inaba, Cohen, 1992). In the differentiation between drugs, consumers do, there arose a practical classification of the same, through the effects they produce. The opium is in a class of depressants, so-called nervous system depressants. Even in small doses, slow heart rate and respiration, decreased muscle coordination and energy, and dulls the senses.
With regard to their effects on the mind, initially, small doses can act as stimulants because they reduce inhibitions, but as far as consumption increases, the effects are felt depressant, dulls hindering mind and body movements.
26. Since 5,000 years ago, the Sumerians described the effects of opium, to call the plant joy. In turn, the Egyptians were the first to see the dual nature of opium, their medical texts regarded it as a remedy for every disease, and as a poison.
opium poppy (Papaver somniferum), took its name from the Roman god of sleep-Somnis. The Greeks and Romans called destroyer of grief.
27. To understand its use related to pain, we need to know that pain is an alarm signal in the human body. The pain message is transmitted by a neurotransmitter called substance P. If the pain is too intense, the body seeks to protect diminishing pain signals, you get flooding the brain and spinal cord with special neurotransmitters, called endorphins.
Endorphins bind to the membrane of the nerve cell station, ordering him not to send substance P, but some signs fail, however, issued. If opium and its derivatives are effective, because they act like endorphins not only prevent excessive release substance P, but also block the little filters down to the receiving neuron. Doctors may prescribe opiates and opioids to relieve pain, stop cough and control diarrhea.
28. Some people take these drugs without medical intervention, to seek euphoria, emotional pain, unsubscribe or try to feel better. As another effect of opioids and opioids is associated with pleasure. Just as pain is a warning sign to warn of damage, the pleasure is a sign to encourage us to do something good for the body and mind. Just as endorphins are released naturally, to block pain in an area of \u200b\u200bthe brain-corpus striatum, "also released to activate the pleasure centers / reward of the limbic system: the brain's emotional center.
When not activated the center of pleasure / reward or if not enough endorphins into the system, we do not feel well and do not experience pleasure. Some people, looking euforizarse or relief, opiates or opioids used for these drugs can artificially activate, directly, that center of reward recipients stay in where neurons are endorphins, sending false signals of pleasure.
29. However, these drugs do not block pain and induce pleasure, just like their own natural biochemicals in the body. The difference with the body's own endorphins, opium is that it affects other organs and tissues, in addition to the centers pleasure and pain. Affect the heart, breathing, reproductive system, digestion, excretion, eyes, vocal cords, muscles, centers cough and nausea, immune system, as well as thought. The drug makes muscles relax and fall the eyelids, head tilt, speech becomes thick and slow, and becomes more difficult as you go.
in any way to enter the body, the drug always ends up in the bloodstream, where it moves into the cells of blood or plasma outside them, or attach itself to the protein molecules.
30. At 10 or 15 seconds of entering the bloodstream, the drug reaches the vicinity of the central nervous system, blood-brain barrier. The blood containing the drug flows through the internal carotid arteries into the central nervous system (CNS)-brain and spinal cord. The structure of the blood vessels surrounding the nerve cells that make up the CNS, is of such kind that only certain substances can penetrate and affect the functioning of the nervous system.
psychoactive drugs including opium, can cross the blood-brain barrier. Because the brain is most protected organ of the body, drugs that can cross the barrier, in fact, can penetrate and affect all other body organs.
central nervous system acts as a computer and dashboard, receiving messages from the peripheral nervous system and autonomic, and also allows us to reason and make judgments. A psychoactive drug, being a foreign substance, it alters the information sent to our brain, and disturbs the messages sent to various parts of the body, affecting our ability to think and reason.
sitema not only affects the nervous psychoactive drug, but affects the other eight systems of the body equally, directly, by passing through the tissue, or indirectly by manipulating the nerves of the central nervous system.
31. Opium comes from the latex dissection of the capsule of the poppy, the plant has a fruit dish or by making an incision secretes a milky fluid, which in contact with air darkens and dries, and then sprayed it to produce opium. The word derives from Greek opion means juice, referring to the latex that exudes when cut poppy, opium contains several alkaloids, the most important papaverine, morphine and codeine.
This drug is one of the most addictive, remember that the English introduced into China from India in 1839 and causing an epidemic of addicts there. The emperor commissioned a mandarin, Lin Tse-hsu, commissioner of Canton, which would curb the opium trade. He seized a ship carrying 20,000 cases of opium, which led to calls opium wars, who lost China. The Treaty of Nanking, 1842, gave the English Crown, the government of the port of Hong Kong, and the emperor was forced to accept the free availability of the drug, which came to affect 28 million people. So, when Communist China regained Hong Kong was erected a statue of Lin, considered a national hero.
32. Syndenham Thomas, one of the fathers of English medicine, recommended opium for pain management and to help patients relax and sleep. This drug was for eighteenth-century England where at Valium for the twentieth century, to the point that Syndenham even said that if the opium was not there he would be a doctor. Clearly they did not know then its negative effects.
Actually, opium by itself does not cure any disease, but it relieves pain and eliminates bothersome or dangerous symptoms (cough, dyspnea, diarrhea). In the apparatus disgestivo, the cancellation of the smooth muscle spasm is profitable, as the accompanying pain (colic), is quickly relieved by relaxing the muscles and give the spasm.
However, addiction specialists say that continued drug use leads to intoxication, and this leads to a general deterioration of the body [10]. The cause of addiction to opium is explained by the phenomena of tolerance, dependence and withdrawal.
33. Metabolic tolerance is a transformation in the liver, where drugs are metabolized. If the toxic intake is continuous, its effects are less durable to have accelerated their elimination. The most prominent type of tolerance is the cell, so that those who hold only feel the effect of the substance, despite having it in quantity in the body. These same concentrations in the blood of a person not addicted, it would be fatal.
After the effect of tolerance, physical dependence occurs whose effects are skin redness, pinpoint pupils, decay respiratory function, loss of reflexes, hypotension, cardiac desacerelación, seizures, and risk of death from cardiorespiratory collapse, lung or brain death.
psychic dependence is manifested in that declines in drug action, out anxiety, depression and despair. Finally, it becomes the withdrawal or compulsive search for the drug addict in the ensuing physiological changes that put in perpetual dependence on opium eater, similar to the diabetic who needs insulin to survive. The period of acquisition is short dependence, and addiction can contract even though its use has been prescribed for therapeutic reasons.
34. So if, as his biographers say, San Martín consumed opium from 34 years until his death, it is necessary to investigate why not become addicted and could sustain life until age 72. We can not share the conviction of Dr. Galatoire that: "Once again the iron will of General overcame and fulfilled the promise made to Pueyrredón ... that would just take the opium for the access of fatigue [11]. Consider that the word addiction comes from slave dominated everyone is alienated drug and is unable to act freely [12].
IX. Homeopathy
35. While it is possible, with appropriate treatment, and much effort from the patient, an addict is free of drug addiction, it is impossible to avoid the consequences detailed and drug use, and never reach the stage of dependency, stop eating.
If, as we saw, opium does not cure any disease, and only avoids the pain, I must ask: how could a man with such poor health, with many blood vomiting and difficulty breathing, being able of similar feats without ever avoid a service obligation, or postpone a military action?
36. Participate in battles, clouded by opium, have inevitably influenced the outcome, giving great advantage to the chief enemy. And if at such times, dispensed with taking painkillers, can not believe that in Maipú and Chacabuco, for example, has led his soldiers in the midst of an asthma attack, or that their proctopathy not concerned when riding a horse. Nor should never be disturbed in the midst of battle, the effects of the ulcer or gout.
37. Dr. Mario Dreyer says that the hero was skeptical about the medicine of his time, which only gave him opium for asthma, gout opium, opium for the ulcer. And it happens that in all three cases, opium is contraindicated. The same author notes that, at a time, most of the deaths resulting from asthma, were caused by opium. In turn, opium is the worst remedy for ulcers, because even ease the pain, it causes a spasm of the pylorus at exacerbating the disease (Bonomi, 1984).
38. San Martin was not a unique species of human being, which will result opium balm soothing of their mucous and bronchi. Logic leads us to believe that, although opium used was not the only or main solution he used, but used other therapeutic allowed resist their ailments, and avoid dependence on the drug. Well, actually, the picture is clear given tangible evidence: the Museo San Martín, Mendoza, it retains a homeopathy kit that belonged to the Liberator, and had received from his friend Angel Correa, who had brought into the country from Europe, shortly before [13]. The donor was taught how to use the remedies of this new medical specialty.
should be noted that the therapy was conducted by Mitre, who had a homeopathic medicine chest during the War of Paraguay, which is preserved in the Museo Mitre of the city of Buenos Aires, Sarmiento and Alsina, also used homeopathy [14]. It can be deduced, then, that was with the help of this therapy that St. Martin was able to cross the Andes seven times, defeating the royalists at Chacabuco and Maipú, recover from the defeat of Cancharayada, strengthen the independence of Chile and Peru and continue to serve the cause of Argentina's independence until the end of his days.
39. Can be explained also to keep fully lucid and balanced life energy is maintained, which is impossible to achieve with the opiate that dulls. We can not deny that the drug has been used, but if it did not fall into dependence, it is fair to conclude that commonly used opium, yes, but prepared homoeopathic, which transforms it into opium, a remedy that can be used permanently without danger addiction or side effects to the point that can be used even in children. This homeopathic remedy is prepared using the strongest species: the black or Smyrna opium [15]. "The mother tincture is prepared from the exudation of the shell or pericarp of the ripe fruit of Papaver somniferum is a ... milky juice is left to dry, giving forms of bread or pills, and since then been the subsequent dilutions are made "(De Medio, 1997).
The inference we make is based on this remedy is useful for asthma, even in nighttime asthma attacks, such as those suffered San Martin, in arthritis, ulcers and their consequences. It is also indicated for nausea when you wake up at night, bedeviling the general (Bonomi ).
X. Conclusion
40. In conclusion, nearly all the symptoms San Martín had clinical, could be served by this drug, opium. It should be clarified that homeopathic medicine is a natural therapy, but scientific basis, not a magic cure system, was created by Dr. Samuel Hahnemann and, as called allopathic medicine is based on experimentation. Homeopathic healing, the law of similarity: similia similibus curentur (the same is cured by like) advocated by Hippocrates. Opium was one of the first drugs listed in the Homeopathic Materia Medica, integrating the group of 103 drugs experienced by Hahnemann, who scored 144 using opium symptoms be noted that many of them from toxicology. Allen's Encyclopedia are 350 appointments intoxicated with opium they were rescued by homeopathy (on average).
should be added that homeopathic remedies are selected not only for the disease that affects the patient but by the personality of it, for which there is a basic medicine (his simillimun). Indeed, the general's personality makes it desirable as simillimun opium.
In short: the physical evidence of sanmartiniano kit, and all information provided, we are encouraged to support the hypothesis that the opium consumed the General San Martin was not drug-depressant, Papaver somniferum, the opium but completely lacking any kind of drug. This interpretation helps explain the mystery of its resistance to physical ailments, and has not fallen into the habit of drug addiction as its detractors claim.
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references online
www.bioetica.org/bioetica/curso5.htm-100k
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(www.in-sanmartiniano.com.ar)
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Notes
(*) Lecture delivered at Academy the San Martin, the May 9, 2007, to join the author as Corresponding Member.
[2] Oriol Anguera I, pp. 73 and 76.
[3] www.educared.edu.pe/estudiantes/historia5/independencia.htm-11k
[4] www.pagina12.com.ar/2000-08-02/pag03 . htm-25k
[5] Guerrino: 29.
[6] Bischoff: 31.
[7] www.bioetica.org/bioetica/curso5.htm-100k
[8] Castro: 17.
[9] Cit. by Guerrino: 184.
[10] "The habit determines an increased tolerance to the toxic and leads to the exaggeration of certain phenomena just outlined in the normal subject (initial euphoric state) and then of necessity" , Rose, Hector. "Experimental Therapeutics" ; cit. p.: Galatoire's: 139.
[11] Galatoire: pg. 140.
[12] Kalina, pp. 100-101.
[13] At the foot of the kit contained the following inscription: "KIT HOMEOPATHY." pocket "that belonged to the hero of the Independence Dn. Angel Thongs, and he gave way to General San Martín, to take over the crossing of the Cordillera, which used drugs the Great Captain, and the Army of the Andes. This relic was inherited by Dona Eustaquia Correas, daughter of the great friend of our Liberator, who later presented it to his nephew Dan. Juan Burgos Belts, and its last owner Elina ladies and Delfina Burgos Videla, BISnet (sic) of Mr. Belt, who donated it to be preserved in the Museum "; cit. p.: Oromí: pgs. 69/70.
[14] www.elhomeopatico.com.ar, www.amha.org.ar/historia/histenarg.htm-21k
[15] Lathoud: pg. 637.
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